Firefighters are expressing concerns over the risks posed by lithium batteries, which have been causing hot, fast, and difficult-to-extinguish fires in various locations, including e-bikes in homes in Toronto and Peterborough, Ontario, as well as at a solar farm in Prince Edward Island. These incidents have led to restrictions on electric bikes and cars in certain buildings, public transit, and ferries, impacting those who depend on them. Additionally, they have created hesitancy among some individuals to adopt electric vehicles.
As part of Fire Prevention Week, which focuses on lithium batteries this year, let’s delve into the challenges posed by lithium battery fires and strategies to mitigate these risks.
Canadian fire departments do not consistently track lithium battery fires, but estimates suggest that there were around 1,500 fires caused by lithium batteries in 600 communities across Canada last year. These incidents are becoming more prevalent with the increasing use of lithium battery-powered devices, particularly e-bikes and e-scooters.
While lithium battery fires are more common in household devices like e-bikes and e-scooters, incidents involving electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage batteries are rare due to stringent testing and built-in safety mechanisms such as temperature sensors and cooling systems. The rarity of EV fires is evident in U.S. data, which indicates their infrequency compared to fires in gas-powered vehicles.
One key factor contributing to lithium battery fires is the breach of the barrier material separating the battery terminals, leading to a short circuit and subsequent fire. These breaches can result from wear and tear or physical damage. Overheating, caused by factors like overcharging or improper charging, can also trigger fires. Lithium batteries’ ability to reignite later due to thermal runaway and self-generated oxygen poses challenges for post-fire handling and storage.
To reduce the risks associated with lithium battery fires, consumers are advised to purchase certified batteries with safety labels and refrain from modifying them for faster charging. Proper charging practices, such as using the correct charger on hard surfaces away from flammable materials, are crucial. Disposing of damaged batteries at designated recycling drop-off sites and following safety protocols for damaged or recalled batteries are recommended preventive measures.
In case of a lithium battery fire, firefighting methods differ from conventional fires, with lithium battery fires requiring larger volumes of water to manage. While water can provide cooling, it is not effective in smothering these fires. Therefore, allowing the fire to burn out is often the most suitable approach for large energy storage batteries.
In conclusion, understanding the causes, risks, and handling of lithium battery fires is essential in promoting fire safety and preventing hazardous incidents associated with these powerful but potentially dangerous energy sources.